noun (A person, place, thing, or idea)

Common Noun: Refers to a general, ordinary person, place, thing, or idea. Example: dog, city, book, happiness. Proper Noun: Refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea and is capitalized.Example: John, The Mona Lisa, Christmas. Concrete Noun: Refers to something tangible and can be perceived through the senses.Example: table, tree, music. Abstract Noun: Refers to something intangible, such as an idea, emotion, or quality.Example: love, democracy, happiness.

Countable Noun (Count Noun):

Refers to things that can be counted.Example: apple, chair, car, person.

Uncountable Noun (Mass Noun):Refers to things that cannot be counted individually.Example: water, air, sugar, information.

Collective Noun:

Represents a group of people, animals, or things. Example: team, family, flock, herd.

Compound Noun:

Consists of two or more words that together represent a single concept.Example: toothpaste, basketball, bookshelf.

Possessive Noun:

Shows ownership or possession.Example: Sarah's cat, the company's success, the students' books.

Gerund:

A verb form that functions as a noun and ends in "-ing."Example: Swimming is my favorite activity.

Appositive:

A noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun.Example: My friend, the doctor, is coming over.

pronoun (word that takes the place of a noun)

Personal Pronouns:

Refers to specific people or things. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Possessive Pronouns:

Indicates ownership or possession. Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.

Reflexive Pronouns:

Reflects the action of the verb back to the subject. Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Relative Pronouns:

Introduces a relative clause and connects it to the main clause. Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Demonstrative Pronouns:

Points to a specific person, place, or thing. Examples: this, that, these, those.

Interrogative Pronouns:

Used to ask questions. Examples: who, whom, whose, which, what.

Indefinite Pronouns:

Refers to an unspecified person, thing, or group.Examples: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, something.

Reciprocal Pronouns

Indicates a mutual or reciprocal action between individuals. Examples: each other, one another.

Intensive Pronouns:

Emphasizes a preceding noun, often used for emphasis. Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

VERB (word that expresses action)

Action Verbs:
Express physical or mental action.Example: run, think, eat, write.

Linking Verbs:

Connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement (an adjective, noun, or pronoun). Example: is, am, are, was, were, seem, become.

Transitive Verbs:

Require a direct object to complete their meaning.Example: She ate the cake. (Ate what? - the cake)

Intransitive Verbs:

Do not require a direct object to complete their meaning. Example: She slept peacefully. (No direct object)

Modal Verbs:

Express modality, indicating necessity, possibility, ability, etc. Example: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.

Phrasal Verbs:

Consist of a main verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs). Example: look up, give in, break down.

Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs:

Assist the main verb in a sentence. Example: have, has, had, do, does, did, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must.

Regular Verbs:

Form the past tense and past participle by adding "-ed" to the base form.Example: walked, talked, played.

Irregular Verbs:

Have unique past tense and past participle forms that do not follow regular patterns.Example: go (went, gone), eat (ate, eaten), swim (swam, swum).

Dynamic (or Action) Verbs:

Express actions or processes.Example: run, jump, study.

Stative (or State) Verbs:

Express states, conditions, or situations. Example: be, seem, like, understand.

ADJECTIVE (word that modifies a noun or pronoun)

Descriptive Adjectives:

Provide information about the characteristics or qualities of a noun.Example: beautiful, tall, blue, intelligent.

Quantitative Adjectives:

Indicate the quantity or amount of a noun.Example: many, few, some, several.

Demonstrative Adjectives:

Point out a specific noun and indicate whether it is near or far.Example: this, that, these, those.

Possessive Adjectives:

Show ownership or possession.Example: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

Interrogative Adjectives:

Used to ask questions about a noun.Example: which, what, whose.

Indefinite Adjectives:

Provide non-specific information about a noun.Example: some, any, all, several.

Comparative Adjectives:

Compare two nouns, indicating a higher or lower degree of a quality.Example: taller, more intelligent, faster.

Superlative Adjectives:

Indicate the highest degree of a quality among three or more nouns.Example: tallest, most

Numeral Adjectives:

Indicate the number or order of a noun.Example: one, first, twenty, third.

Emphasizing Adjectives:

Add emphasis or intensify the meaning of a noun.Example: absolute, complete, mere, sheer.

Participial Adjectives:

Formed from verbs and end in "-ing" or "-ed."Example: amazing, interested, excited, puzzled.

Compound Adjectives:

Consist of two or more words joined together to act as a single modifier.Example: well-known, three-year-old, high-tech.

ADVERB (word that describes a verb, adjective)

Adverbs of Manner:

Describe how an action is performed.Example: She sang beautifully.

Adverbs of Frequency:

Indicate how often an action occurs.Example: They go to the gym regularly.

Adverbs of Time:

Provide information about when an action takes place.Example: He arrived yesterday.

Adverbs of Place:

Describe the location or direction of an action.Example: She looked at me happily.

Adverbs of Degree:

Indicate the intensity or degree of an action or adjective.Example: It's very hot today.

Interrogative Adverbs:

Used to ask questions about manner, place, time, etc.Example: How did you do that?

Relative Adverbs:

Connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. Example: This is the house where I grew up.

Conjunctive Adverbs:

Connect independent clauses and show the relationship between them. Example: She worked hard;

Adverbs of Certainty:

Indicate the degree of certainty or likelihood. Example: He will probably arrive by noon.

Adverbs of Time Duration:

Specify the length of time an action takes place. Example: She studied for the exam all night.

Adverbs of Frequency:

Describe the order or sequence of actions. Example: She completed the tasks first, next, and finally.

Adverbs of Purpose:

Indicate the reason or purpose behind an action. Example: He studied hard to pass the exam

PREPOSITION ( word that shows relationship of noun or proNOU

Simple Prepositions:

Single-word prepositions indicating relationships of direction, place, time, etc. Example: in, on, under, over, beside.

Compound Prepositions:

Combinations of two or more words that function as a single preposition.Example: according to, in front of, because of.

Prepositions of Time:

Indicate when an action takes place. Example: at, on, in, during, before, after.

Prepositions of Place:

Indicate the location or position of something. Example: at, on, in, by, beside, between.

Prepositions of Direction:

Indicate the direction or movement of something.Example: to, into, onto, through, across.

Prepositions of Agent:

Indicate the doer or performer of an action. Example: by, with.

Prepositions of Manner:

Indicate the way or manner in which something is done.Example: like, as, by.

Prepositions of Purpose:

Indicate the reason or purpose of an action. Example: for, to, in order to.

Prepositions of Possession:

Indicate ownership or possession. Example: of, 's (apostrophe s).

Prepositions of Comparison:

Indicate a relationship of comparison between two things.Example: than, as, like.

Prepositions of Condition:

Indicate the circumstances or condition under which something happens.Example: if, unless, in case of.

Prepositions of Cause:

Indicate the reason or cause of an action.Example: because of, due to, owing to.

CONJUNCTION ( word that connects words, phrases, or clauses

Coordinating Conjunctions:

Connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so.

Subordinating Conjunctions:

Introduce dependent clauses and establish a relationship between the dependent and independent clauses. Examples: although, because, if, when, while, since, until.

Correlative Conjunctions:
Come in pairs and connect similar elements within a sentence. Examples: either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also.

Conjunctive Adverbs:

Act as both adverbs and conjunctions, connecting independent clauses and indicating relationships between ideas. Examples: however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, consequently.

Cumulative Conjunctions:

Link independent clauses and add one statement after another.Examples: and, nor.

Adversative Conjunctions:

Express contrast or opposition between two statements. Examples: but, yet, however, nevertheless.

Disjunctive Conjunctions:

Indicate a choice or alternative between two statements.Examples: or, either...or, neither...nor.

Causal Conjunctions:

Express a cause-and-effect relationship between two statements. Examples: because, since, as, therefore, thus.

Time Conjunctions:

Indicate the timing or sequence of events. Examples: when, while, before, after, since.

Place Conjunctions:

Connect statements based on location or place. Example: where.

INTERJECTION ( word or phrase that expresses strong emotion

Joy or Excitement:

Expressing happiness or excitement. Examples: Wow!, Yay!, Hooray!, Bravo!

Surprise:

Expressing sudden amazement or astonishment. Examples: Oh!, Wow!, What!

Greeting:

Expressing salutations or addressing someone. Examples: Hello!, Hey!, Hi!

Approval:

Expressing agreement or positive acknowledgment. Examples: Yes!, Alright!, Okay!

Disapproval:

Expressing disagreement or negative reaction. Examples: No!, Ugh!, Oh no!

Pain or Discomfort

Expressing physical or emotional distress. Examples: Ouch!, Ow!, Oh!

Attention or Call:

Getting someone's attention. Examples: Hey!, Psst!, Yo!

Farewell:

Saying goodbye or bidding farewell. Examples: Goodbye!, Bye!, Adieu!

Expressing Hesitation:

Indicating uncertainty or hesitation.Examples: Um, Uh, Well.

Expressing Agreement:

Expressing consent or agreement.Examples: Alright!, Okay!, Sure!

Expressing Disbelief:

Expressing skepticism or incredulity.Examples: Really?, Seriously?, What!

Expressing Relief:

Expressing a sense of relief or relaxation.Examples: Phew!, Whew!, Finally!